Modular integrated construction as an industrialized off-site prefabrication method has the advantages of materials saving, cost-efficiency, high speed, safe construction, and is not delayed by weather. But it also falls into the dilemma of its own limitations.

According to research, challenges include high carbon emissions and cost of transportation, module size limited by traffic rules, and higher investment in modular factories, which makes modular construction difficult to achieve at scale.

The concept of on-site industrialised construction was developed to optimise the separation between the factory and site. Raw material can be accurately fabricated on-site without complex equipment.

The use of nodal products reduces non-standard component dependency, mechanical equipment dependency, and skill dependency of modular steel construction.